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 RISE OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE * Nationalism is a sense of identity with the nation. In other words, nationalism is a political and socio economic philosophy that promotes the interest of a nation as a whole. Many European Nations experienced heightened periods of nationalism in the 19th century. * Nationalism in Europe can be traced back to the decline of feudalism and the beginning of the Renaissance which means 'Rebirth'. The Renaissance in Europe fostered new political ideas. * the concepts of liberty, equality, fraternity and nationalism dominated the social and political scene of Europe in the 19th century. THE FRENCH REVOLUTION * the concepts of liberty, equality, fraternity and nationalism dominated the social and political scene of Europe in the 19th century. * The French revolution in 1789 was an influential event that marked the age of revolutions in Europe. The major outcome of the revolution was the formation of a constitutional monarchy and cisable reduction...

MAGNETISM  The term 'magnetic effectvof electric current' means that 'an electric current flowing in a wire produces a magnetic field around it'. In other words, electric current can produce magnetism. A magnet is an object which attracts pieces of iron, steel, nickel and cobalt. A bar magnet is a long, rectangular bar of uniform cross-section which attracts pieces of iron, steel, nickel and cobalt. A magnet has two poles near its ends : North pole and south pole. North pole ; The end of a freely suspended magnet which points towards the north direction is called north pole of the magnet. South pole ; The end of a freely suspended magnet which points towards the south direction is called south pole of the magnet. Magnetic field ; The space surrounding a magnet in which magnetic force is exerted, is called a magnetic field. The direction of a magnetic field at a point is the direction of the resultant force acting on a hypothetical north pole placed at that point. Magne...

 THE WORK OF POLICMEN The members of a civilized society have to obey some laws. There are some wicked persons in every society. They break the laws. Such persons must be brought to book. Therefore, there is a police force in every country to prevent the wicked persons from breaking the laws. The policeman is a member of the police force in the country. The policeman is a familiar figure in every civilized society. We can recognize him by his dress. He is usually tall, well-built, and strong. He looks impressive in his uniform. In our State hr wears a khaki shirt,khaki shorts,a red turban, and heavy boots. Some of the policemen are armed. They have rifles. The policeman performs several duties. He is the guardian of law and order. He protects the life and property of people. He maintains peace and order in the society. There are many wicked persons in the society. They break the laws. They commit thefts and murders. The policeman catches them and brings them to book. He presents th...

THE RAILWAY COOLIE  A coolie is one who earns his bread by carrying baggage band loads.Such a coolie working at railway stations is called a railway coolie.He is a common figure at every railway station. The railway coolie wears a red or black kurta. His licence number printed on a white piece of cloth is stitched to his kurta near his breast. He wears a blue or black turban on his head. Some coolies have big napkins on their shoulders. In look and appearance he is simple but shabby and dirty. The railway coolie leads a very hard and difficult life. He is always on the lookout for a passenger to engage him. He has no fixed period for his meals and rest. Whenever a train is to arrive he stands alert. The moment the train enters the platform he rushes towards the passenger's compartment. At a call or hint he enters the compartment and comes out with luggage and loads on his head. Some coolies carry the luggage of the passengers who want to get into the train. In any season and at any...

 Beggars are a very common sight in India.They can be seen at all public places.Whether we go to the railway station or to a bus-stop,to a temple,a mosque or a church,to the burning ghat pr to a bathing ghat,we are sure to be pestered by beggars.They throng specially at religious places.Near sacred places and ghats they can be seen lining up in rows.Some will be found rolling on the earth,some sitting,some reclining,and some standing in various postures.Even at our homes,we are not free from these beggars.A number of them knock at our doors daily.Some of them are so obstinate that they would not move unless we give them something. Unfortunately,in India, begging has become a profession with some people.They take to begging not because they cannot maintain themselves otherwise.They become beggars because they can earn money easily by begging is a crime. A description of the various form of begging in India would be very interesting. Some beggars are simple. They stretch the begging ...